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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes
08:56

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes

Published on: July 27, 2018

Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis.

Patrick C Y Woo1,2,3,4, Yi Huang4, Susanna K P Lau1,2,3,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic and bioinformatics analyses reveal coronavirus evolution, including large RNA genomes, phylogenetic relationships, and recombination events. These studies explore viral origins and codon usage bias.

Keywords:
bioinformaticscoronavirusgenome

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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes
08:56

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes

Published on: July 27, 2018

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
09:36

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples

Published on: July 2, 2016

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
08:31

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Published on: May 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Coronaviruses exhibit large RNA genomes (26.4–31.7 kb) with G+C content ranging from 32% to 43%.
  • Variable small open reading frames (ORFs) exist between conserved genes across different coronavirus lineages.
  • Phylogenetic classification includes three established genera (Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus) and an emerging fourth (Deltacoronavirus).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct comprehensive genomics and bioinformatics analyses of the coronavirus family.
  • To investigate the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of coronaviruses.
  • To understand the factors influencing codon usage bias in coronaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine evolutionary relationships.
  • Molecular clock analysis to estimate divergence times.
  • Codon usage bias analysis to identify evolutionary pressures.

Main Results:

  • The most recent common ancestor of human/civet SARS-related coronaviruses emerged between 1999-2002.
  • Significant recombination events were identified between various coronavirus strains and species.
  • Codon usage bias is prevalent, with cytosine deamination and CpG selection shaping patterns, notably in human coronavirus HKU1.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic and bioinformatics analyses provide unprecedented insights into coronavirus evolution and diversity.
  • Understanding recombination and codon usage patterns is crucial for tracking coronavirus emergence and evolution.
  • The study highlights the dynamic nature of coronaviruses and the forces driving their genetic makeup.