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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Cell surface markers in HTLV-1 pathogenesis.

Andrea K Kress1, Ralph Grassmann, Bernhard Fleckenstein

  • 1Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. Andrea.Kress@viro.med.uni-erlangen.de

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax drives the phenotype of transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Surface marker expression on these cells may promote their survival and the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.

Keywords:
ATLLHAM/TSPHTLV-1TNFRTaxcytokine receptordifferentiationinterleukinoncoproteinphenotype

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Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is linked to various diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
  • The viral oncoprotein Tax is a key factor in the transformation of CD4(+) T lymphocytes by HTLV-1.
  • Understanding the molecular phenotype of HTLV-1-transformed cells is crucial for deciphering disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression patterns of key surface molecules on HTLV-1-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes.
  • To explore the potential role of these molecules in promoting cell survival and disease development.
  • To highlight the contribution of viral effector molecules, particularly Tax, in shaping the transformed cell phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HTLV-1-transformed cell biology.
  • Analysis of characteristic lineage markers, costimulatory receptors and ligands (tumor necrosis factor superfamily), cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules.
  • Correlation of surface marker expression with potential functions in cell survival and disease persistence.

Main Results:

  • HTLV-1-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocytes exhibit distinct expression patterns of various surface molecules.
  • These molecules include lineage markers, costimulatory receptors/ligands, cytokine receptors, and adhesion molecules.
  • The viral oncoprotein Tax significantly influences the expression profile of these surface markers.

Conclusions:

  • The expression of specific surface markers on HTLV-1-transformed lymphocytes may confer survival advantages.
  • These molecular changes likely contribute to the persistence of HTLV-1-infected cells.
  • Targeting these surface molecules could be a potential strategy for managing HTLV-1-associated diseases.