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Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
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The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions
07:59

Adapting Gastrointestinal Organoids for Pathogen Infection and Single Cell Sequencing under Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) Conditions

Published on: September 10, 2021

Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis.

Sharon K Kuss1, Gavin T Best, Chris A Etheredge

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intestinal microbes enhance enteric virus infection. Depleting gut bacteria with antibiotics reduced susceptibility to poliovirus and reovirus, suggesting viruses exploit microbes for replication.

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Published on: May 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Intestinal bacteria are crucial for host health and preventing pathogen colonization.
  • The role of the gut microbiota in enteric virus infection remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of intestinal bacteria on enteric virus susceptibility and replication.
  • To determine if enteric viruses exploit the gut microbiota for infection.

Main Methods:

  • Depletion of intestinal microbiota in mice using antibiotics.
  • Inoculation of antibiotic-treated and control mice with poliovirus and reovirus.
  • Assessment of viral disease, replication, and host cell association.

Main Results:

  • Antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion significantly reduced susceptibility to poliovirus disease and viral replication.
  • Exposure to bacteria or their polysaccharides (LPS, peptidoglycan) enhanced poliovirus infectivity.
  • Poliovirus was found to bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • The pathogenesis of reovirus was also more severe in the presence of intestinal microbes.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating enteric virus infection.
  • Enteric viruses, including poliovirus and reovirus, may exploit intestinal microbes for efficient replication and transmission.
  • Targeting the gut microbiota could be a potential strategy to control enteric viral infections.