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Related Concept Videos

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Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics
07:28

JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2021

Clustering in large networks does not promote upstream reciprocity.

Naoki Masuda1

  • 1Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. masuda@mist.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Plos One
|October 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Upstream reciprocity, a cooperation strategy, is less likely in larger populations and scale-free networks, even with many network cycles. Network structure significantly impacts cooperation dynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Network Theory

Background:

  • Upstream reciprocity (generalized reciprocity) is a mechanism for cooperation where individuals help those who have helped others, a form of indirect reciprocity.
  • Existing theories suggest upstream reciprocity thrives in small populations with short cycles (like triangles) or when combined with other cooperation-promoting mechanisms.
  • Real-world social networks, often rich in short cycles, were hypothesized to support upstream reciprocity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the upstream reciprocity game to general network structures beyond directed cycles.
  • To determine the conditions under which unanimous cooperation is a Nash equilibrium in these networks.
  • To investigate the impact of network topology, population size, and cycle abundance on upstream reciprocity.

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JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics
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Published on: October 19, 2021

Main Methods:

  • The study models an upstream reciprocity game on general networks, not using an evolutionary approach.
  • It analyzes conditions for Nash equilibrium, focusing on unanimous cooperation.
  • The model was applied to various network types, including those with homogeneous and scale-free degree distributions.

Main Results:

  • An abundance of triangles or short cycles in a network does not significantly promote upstream reciprocity.
  • Cooperation becomes less likely as population size increases, even in networks with many triangles.
  • Scale-free networks exhibit less cooperation compared to networks with homogeneous degree distributions, contrasting with findings in evolutionary games.

Conclusions:

  • Network structure, particularly cycle abundance, has a limited role in facilitating upstream reciprocity.
  • Larger population sizes and scale-free network structures are detrimental to cooperation via upstream reciprocity.
  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about the role of network topology in supporting generalized reciprocity.