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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value = μ + 2σ
Minimum unusual value...
Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to the earth’s...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
08:31

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Published on: October 28, 2015

Unexpected lessons in unexpected places.

Diane M Charney, Judy B Campbell

    Journal of Christian Nursing : a Quarterly Publication of Nurses Christian Fellowship
    |October 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A nursing student shares key insights gained from participating in Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Overeaters Anonymous meetings. These experiences provided valuable lessons for professional development.

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    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

    Published on: May 9, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 28, 2026

    Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
    08:31

    Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

    Published on: October 28, 2015

    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
    05:22

    Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

    Published on: May 9, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Addiction Studies
    • Nursing Education
    • Behavioral Health

    Background:

    • Substance use disorders and behavioral addictions pose significant challenges in healthcare.
    • Nursing students require practical insights into support systems for individuals with addiction.
    • Self-help groups offer accessible resources for managing addiction and compulsive behaviors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To document the personal and professional lessons learned by a nursing student attending self-help group meetings.
    • To highlight the relevance of mutual support groups in the education of future healthcare professionals.
    • To share practical takeaways from participation in Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Overeaters Anonymous.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative reflection on personal experiences attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), and Overeaters Anonymous (OA) meetings.
    • Narrative account of observations and lessons integrated into nursing student training.
    • Analysis of the impact of these support groups on understanding patient recovery journeys.

    Main Results:

    • Attending AA, NA, and OA meetings provided a unique perspective on addiction recovery.
    • The student gained empathy and a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by individuals with substance use and eating disorders.
    • Practical lessons included the importance of community support, shared experience, and non-judgmental listening.

    Conclusions:

    • Self-help groups like AA, NA, and OA offer invaluable learning opportunities for nursing students.
    • Exposure to these mutual support environments enhances clinical understanding and patient-centered care.
    • Integrating such experiential learning into nursing curricula can better prepare graduates for diverse patient needs.