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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Anxiolytic Drugs: Overview01:26

Anxiolytic Drugs: Overview

Anxiolytic drugs are vital in managing anxiety disorders by effectively alleviating symptoms such as excessive fear, tachycardia, and tremors. There are several classes of anxiolytic medications, each with unique mechanisms of action and potential side effects.
Primary Types of Anxiolytic Drugs
1. Benzodiazepines:
Benzodiazepines bind to the GABA-A receptor in the brain, enhancing GABA's interaction. This action reduces neurotransmission, effectively blocking anxiety-associated limbic circuitry.
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Anxiolytic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and Buspirone01:29

Anxiolytic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and Buspirone

Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their rapid efficacy and high therapeutic-to-lethal dose ratio, but with a potential risk of drug dependence. These drugs are lipophilic, allowing for rapid absorption after oral administration, eventually reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, benzodiazepines bind to the allosteric site of the GABAA receptor. This binding enhances the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter GABA. By doing so, they prevent...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Emerging drugs for panic disorder.

Giampaolo Perna1, Giuseppe Guerriero, Daniela Caldirola

  • 1San Benedetto Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Como, Italy. pernagp@tin.it

Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research reviews emerging panic disorder (PD) treatments, noting current medications have limitations. Future pharmacological advances for PD may require further research into biomarkers and endophenotypes.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

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Published on: September 12, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Panic disorder (PD) significantly impacts quality of life and incurs high societal costs.
  • Current anti-panic medications have limitations, including partial response rates, side effects, and delayed therapeutic onset.
  • There is a need for novel and more effective pharmacological interventions for PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging drug candidates for panic disorder treatment.
  • To explore potential future therapeutic targets and compounds for PD.
  • To discuss the challenges and future directions in PD pharmacological research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of available data on emerging drugs for PD.
  • Inclusion of drugs in development (e.g., metabotropic glutamate II receptor agonists, D-cycloserine, levetiracetam).
  • Consideration of novel compounds targeting cholinergic and orexin systems.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacological research for PD is currently limited, with few new advances beyond existing treatments.
  • Several novel drug classes and compounds are under investigation for PD.
  • Challenges in PD research include disorder heterogeneity and understanding pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements in PD pharmacological treatment are still pending.
  • Defining biomarkers and endophenotypes could improve understanding and guide future research.
  • Further research is essential to develop more effective PD treatments.