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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
12:43

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

Published on: July 29, 2014

Structural insights into RNA recognition by RIG-I.

Dahai Luo1, Steve C Ding, Adriana Vela

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Cell
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers revealed the structure of RIG-I, a key protein in antiviral immunity, bound to viral RNA. This structure clarifies how RIG-I recognizes pathogens and initiates immune responses.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
12:43

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Published on: July 29, 2014

Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing (RIPiT-Seq)
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Identification of Footprints of RNA:Protein Complexes via RNA Immunoprecipitation in Tandem Followed by Sequencing (RIPiT-Seq)

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Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Intracellular RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA, initiating antiviral immunity.
  • Understanding RLRs' molecular mechanisms is crucial for host defense research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular basis of RIG-I's RNA recognition and activation.
  • To determine the crystal structure of RIG-I in complex with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of RIG-I bound to dsRNA.
  • Bioinformatic analysis was performed to understand protein domain interactions.

Main Results:

  • The dsRNA is encased by RIG-I domains: helicase (HEL1, HEL2), HEL2 insertion (HEL2i), and C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD).
  • A V-shaped pincer links HEL2 and CTD, coordinating domain functions and coupling RNA binding to ATP hydrolysis.
  • RIG-I, a superfamily 2 helicase, exhibits complex interplay between motor domains, accessory domains, and RNA.

Conclusions:

  • The determined structure provides insights into RIG-I's nanomechanical function in antiviral immunity.
  • This work has broader implications for understanding the function of ATPases and helicases.