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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
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The potential for multidrug-resistant influenza.

Erhard van der Vries1, Martin Schutten, Charles A B Boucher

  • 1Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus shows resistance to adamantanes and can easily develop resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. New antiviral strategies are needed for effective treatment of severe influenza.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • The 2009 influenza pandemic introduced a novel influenza A/H1N1 subtype.
  • This pandemic strain exhibits inherent resistance to adamantanes and a propensity for developing resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on antiviral resistance in the pandemic 2009 influenza A/H1N1 virus.
  • To highlight the emergence of novel resistance patterns and the implications for treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on influenza antiviral resistance.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms and genetic mutations in pandemic 2009 influenza A/H1N1.

Main Results:

  • Pandemic 2009 influenza A/H1N1 viruses display new resistance patterns to neuraminidase inhibitors.
  • Mutations conferring oseltamivir resistance in prepandemic strains indicate influenza's capacity for resistance development without fitness loss.

Conclusions:

  • Development of novel therapeutic regimens with high genetic barriers is crucial.
  • Effective treatments are needed for severe influenza virus infections caused by resistant strains.