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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
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Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport

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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Published on: April 2, 2015

Flubendiamide transport through packed soil columns.

Shaon Kumar Das¹, Irani Mukherjee

¹Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. shaon.iari@gmail.com

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

|October 18, 2011

Summary

Flubendiamide insecticide showed minimal leaching in soil columns, with most remaining in the top 10 cm. However, its metabolite, desiodo flubendiamide, proved more mobile and could potentially leach into groundwater.

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Chemistry
Environmental Science
Soil Science

Background:

Flubendiamide is a key insecticide for controlling lepidopteran pests in Indian agriculture, particularly in rice and cotton cultivation.
Understanding the environmental fate, specifically the leaching behavior of flubendiamide, is crucial for assessing potential groundwater contamination risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the leaching behavior of flubendiamide and its metabolite, desiodo flubendiamide, in packed soil columns.
To evaluate the influence of rainfall intensity and formulation type on the soil mobility of flubendiamide.

Main Methods:

Packed soil columns were used to simulate different rainfall conditions and assess flubendiamide leaching.
Analytical techniques were employed to quantify flubendiamide and desiodo flubendiamide residues at various soil depths after leaching.

Main Results:

Flubendiamide exhibited low mobility, with minimal leaching observed even after simulated rainfall equivalent to 462.18 mm.
In analytical grade treatments, 68.06% of flubendiamide was found in the 5-10 cm soil layer, while the formulation confined 67.22% to the 0-5 cm layer.
The metabolite desiodo flubendiamide was detected at deeper soil layers (20-25 cm), indicating greater mobility compared to the parent compound and its formulation.

Conclusions:

Flubendiamide demonstrates slight mobility in sandy loam soil, and its formulation further reduces downward movement.
The metabolite desiodo flubendiamide is relatively more mobile and poses a potential risk for groundwater leaching.
These findings highlight the importance of considering metabolite mobility in environmental risk assessments of pesticides.