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Celso R F Carvalho1, Denise M Paisani, Adriana C Lunardi
1Physical Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. cscarval@usp.br
This systematic review found no evidence supporting incentive spirometry (IS) for preventing pulmonary complications or improving lung function recovery in surgical patients. IS use remains common but lacks standardization in clinical practice.
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