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Related Concept Videos

Minerals01:26

Minerals

Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements

Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ meats, shellfish,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells
13:04

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

Published on: May 16, 2019

Physiological requirements for zinc.

K Michael Hambidge1, Leland V Miller, Nancy F Krebs

  • 1Pediatric Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. Michael.Hambidge@ucdenver.edu

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- Und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International De Vitaminologie Et De Nutrition
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discrepancies in zinc physiological requirements between IZiNCG and IOM were resolved by correcting errors in endogenous zinc loss and regression analysis. This ensures more accurate zinc requirement estimates for public health.

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Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay
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Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells
13:04

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

Published on: May 16, 2019

Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay
07:55

Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay

Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Human Nutrition
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Dietary Reference Intakes

Background:

  • Significant discrepancies existed between the 2004 International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) and 2001 Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimates for physiological zinc requirements.
  • These differences highlighted a critical need to re-evaluate the methodologies and data used in establishing these essential nutrient requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons behind the divergent zinc requirement estimates published by IZiNCG and IOM.
  • To identify and correct errors in the estimation of endogenous zinc losses and regression analyses used by both groups.
  • To reconcile the differing estimates and provide a clearer understanding of human zinc physiological requirements.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of all estimates for inevitable endogenous zinc losses, with a specific focus on intestinal excretion.
  • Correction of identified errors in zinc menstrual losses and the linear regression model for endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) versus total daily zinc absorption (TAZ) used by IOM.
  • Re-evaluation of IZiNCG's data selection for the EFZ on TAZ regression and adjustment for data weighting by study subject numbers.

Main Results:

  • Identified and corrected errors in zinc menstrual loss data and IOM's regression analysis for EFZ and TAZ.
  • Uncovered an error in IZiNCG's selection of data points for their regression analysis and the impact of weighting data by the number of subjects.
  • After adjusting for these identified errors and standardizing body weight data, the physiological requirement estimates from both IZiNCG and IOM showed satisfactory agreement.

Conclusions:

  • The identified errors in data analysis and selection significantly contributed to the initial discrepancies in zinc requirement estimates.
  • Revising the methodology to account for these errors leads to a consensus between IZiNCG and IOM estimates, improving the reliability of human zinc requirement data.
  • Lessons learned emphasize the importance of rigorous data validation and standardized methodologies in establishing nutritional requirements for public health initiatives.