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Related Concept Videos

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes loosely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra
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Increased cortico-subcortical functional connectivity in schizophrenia.

Degang Zhang1, Lei Guo, Xintao Hu

  • 1School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Xian, China.

Brain Imaging and Behavior
|October 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia (SZ) shows increased functional brain connectivity between cortical and subcortical regions, particularly in frontal and parietal lobes. Structural connectivity remained unchanged, suggesting functional, not structural, network disturbances in SZ.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by disrupted structural and functional brain connectivity.
  • Cortico-subcortical connectivity alterations in SZ are less understood than cortical network changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural and functional connectivities between cortical and subcortical regions in schizophrenia.
  • To identify specific cortico-subcortical connection patterns affected in SZ.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI).
  • Analyzed 13 cortical Regions of Interest (ROIs) and 12 subcortical regions in 8 SZ patients and 10 controls.
  • Assessed structural and functional connectivity strengths.

Main Results:

  • Significantly increased functional connectivity observed in 7 cortico-subcortical connections in SZ patients, with some connections doubling in strength.
  • Hyper-connectivity primarily localized to frontal and parietal lobes.
  • No significant differences in structural connectivity were found between SZ patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Schizophrenia is associated with functional hyper-connectivity between cortical and subcortical brain regions.
  • Findings support the view of SZ as a disorder of large-scale brain network connectivity.
  • Observed alterations in cortico-cortical connections further highlight complex network disturbances in SZ.