Mixed alkylsilane functionalized surfaces for simultaneous wetting and homeotropic anchoring of liquid crystals

Surfaces functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed from a mixture of two alkylsilanes with different chain lengths have been designed to simultaneously improve the liquid crystal (LC) wettability and promote homeotropic anchoring of the LC. Most chemically functionalized surfaces (e.g., long alkyl chain SAMs) that promote homeotropic alignment of LC possess low surface energy and result in poor LC wettability, inhibiting LC infiltration into microstructured surfaces and sometimes resulting in LC dewetting from the surface. However, a surface modified with a mixed SAM of octadecyltriethoxysilane (C18) and ethyltriethoxysilane (C2) exhibited very low LC contact angle while providing homeotropic anchoring. Ellipsometry was used to correlate the bulk concentration of C18 in the deposition solution to the surface coverage of C18 in the mixed monolayer; these bulk and surface concentrations were found to be equal within experimental uncertainty. The LC contact angle was found to depend nonmonotically with the surface coverage density, with a minimum (14.4 ± 0.1°) at a C18 surface coverage of 0.26 ± 0.08. Homeotropic LC anchoring was achieved at a C18 surface coverage of ≥0.11 ± 0.04, in the regime where a minimum in the LC contact angle was observed. The practical application of this approach to surface modification was demonstrated using a micropillar array sensor substrate. When the array was functionalized with a conventional C18 SAM, the LC did not infiltrate the array and exhibited a contact angle of 47.4 ± 0.5°. However, the LC material successfully infiltrated and wetted the same microstructured substrate when functionalized with a C18/C2 mixed SAM, while still exhibiting the desired homeotropic anchoring.