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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients
08:10

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Published on: December 14, 2015

Second order regulator Collier directly controls intercalary-specific segment polarity gene expression.

Evgenia Ntini1, Ernst A Wimmer

  • 1Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology und Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

Developmental Biology
|October 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In Drosophila, the Collier protein acts as a key regulator for head development by activating the hedgehog gene. This research identifies Collier

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Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM
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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients
08:10

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Published on: December 14, 2015

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM
06:30

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

Published on: March 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Drosophila embryonic development involves precise metamerization regulated by gene cascades.
  • Head metamerization utilizes gap-like and segment polarity genes, but the role of second-order regulators is unclear.
  • Pair rule genes, crucial for trunk segmentation, are absent in the anterior head region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify gene activities regulating head metamerization in Drosophila.
  • To elucidate the role of the Collier protein in anterior segment polarity gene regulation.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying intercalary segment development.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular evidence for Collier's function as a transcription factor.
  • Identification of a novel binding site for Collier in an intercalary-specific cis-regulatory element.
  • Analysis of physical association between Collier and Cap'n'collar B.

Main Results:

  • Collier directly activates the segment polarity gene hedgehog in the posterior intercalary segment.
  • Collier binds to a specific cis-regulatory element regulating hedgehog expression.
  • Physical interaction between Collier and Cap'n'collar B restricts Collier's activity and attenuates hedgehog expression.

Conclusions:

  • Collier acts as a crucial second-order regulator in Drosophila head segmentation.
  • Collier's interaction with Cap'n'collar B refines gene expression patterns during development.
  • This study provides molecular insights into the unique mechanisms of anterior patterning in Drosophila.