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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

[Mollow profile with seven peaks under double coupling fields].

Xiao-Li Li1, Lian-Shui Zhang, Jiang Sun

  • 1College of Physical Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China. xiaolixiaoli001@yahoo.com.cn

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Investigating a double coupling lambda scheme reveals a seven-peak Mollow profile, a superposition of transparency and absorption, influenced by field detuning and Rabi frequency.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Atomic physics
  • Laser spectroscopy

Context:

  • Investigating a lambda three-level atomic system with two degenerate ground states.
  • Utilizing a strong coupling field and a probing field on one transition, and a weak coupling field on another.
  • Exploring quantum coherent phenomena in a double coupling lambda scheme.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the overlapping of transparency and absorption with the Mollow profile.
  • To analyze the emergence of a seven-peak Mollow profile under specific conditions.
  • To study the dependence of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) on field parameters.

Summary:

  • A double coupling lambda three-level scheme driven by two fields was studied.
  • When the strong coupling field is off-resonant, a superposition of the Mollow profile with EIT and EIA, forming a seven-peak Mollow profile, was observed.
  • The influence of the strong coupling field's Rabi frequency and frequency detuning on EIT/EIA positions was examined.

Impact:

  • Provides insights into the complex interplay of quantum coherent effects.
  • Demonstrates the tunability of transparency and absorption features via field parameters.
  • Results are consistent with the dressed-state formalism, validating theoretical models.