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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Quantitative Analysis by Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrum Analysis for Reactions with Evolved Gases
06:51

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Published on: October 29, 2018

[Infrared spectral analysis for calcined borax].

Cui Zhao1, Li-Li Ren, Dong Wang

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 211816, China. zhaocui1105@163.com

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy quantifies calcined borax quality by analyzing water content. This method offers a fast and objective approach for evaluating commercial calcined borax samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mineralogy

Context:

  • Commercial calcined borax quality varies and requires reliable evaluation methods.
  • Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for material characterization.

Purpose:

  • To assess the quality of commercially available calcined borax.
  • To establish a correlation between water content and spectral properties of calcined borax.
  • To validate FTIR spectroscopy as an objective method for calcined borax quality control.

Summary:

  • Infrared spectra of calcined borax exhibit characteristic absorption bands for OH, BO3(3-), and BO4(5-) vibrations.
  • Water content significantly influences the position and width of the OH vibration band, as well as the number of BO3(3-) and BO4(5-) vibration peaks.
  • Increased water content leads to broader OH bands, more BO3(3-) and BO4(5-) peaks, stronger hydrogen bonding, and reduced B atom symmetry.

Impact:

  • FTIR spectroscopy provides an express and objective method for evaluating calcined borax quality.
  • This research facilitates improved quality control for industrial and commercial applications of calcined borax.
  • Understanding the relationship between water content and spectral features aids in optimizing calcined borax production and usage.