Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Changes in systemic medication in children and adolescents with JIA: why, when and which patterns.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Perspectives of Older Patients on the Complexity of Medication Use.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·2026
Same author

Elements to assess the quality of information of case reports in pregnancy pharmacovigilance data-a ConcePTION project.

Frontiers in drug safety and regulation·2025
Same author

DosEmi study protocol: a phase IV, multicentre, open-label, crossover study to evaluate non-inferiority of pharmacokinetic-guided reduced dosing compared with conventional dosing of emicizumab in people with haemophilia A.

BMJ open·2023
Same author

Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective population-based cohort study.

British journal of clinical pharmacology·2020
Same author

A semi-mechanistic model based on glutathione depletion to describe intra-individual reduction in busulfan clearance.

British journal of clinical pharmacology·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

Pharmacogenetics in randomized controlled trials: considerations for trial design.

Frederieke H van der Baan1, Olaf H Klungel, Antoine C G Egberts

  • 1Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Stratenum 6.131, Utrecht, The Netherlands. f.vanderbaan@umcutrecht.nl

Pharmacogenomics
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores pharmacogenetic clinical trial designs. It details three approaches based on randomization and genotyping timing to optimize personalized medicine strategies.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
04:53

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Clinical pharmacology
  • Genetics and genomics
  • Biomedical research methodology

Background:

  • Pharmacogenetic analyses in clinical trials are crucial for identifying patient subgroups with differential treatment responses.
  • Personalized medicine relies on understanding genotype-treatment interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe three distinct clinical trial designs for pharmacogenetic analyses.
  • To compare the advantages and optimal use cases for each design based on randomization and genotyping timing.

Main Methods:

  • The article outlines three different clinical trial designs.
  • Designs are differentiated by the timing of patient randomization and genetic analysis (genotyping).

Main Results:

  • Each described trial design offers unique advantages for pharmacogenetic research.
  • The suitability of each design is contingent upon specific research objectives and trial conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of clinical trial design significantly impacts the success of pharmacogenetic studies.
  • Understanding the nuances of each design facilitates the implementation of effective genotype-guided treatments.