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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy
06:45

Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy

Published on: November 28, 2025

New progress in adjacent segment degeneration/disease.

Cheng-yi Liu1, Tian Xia, Ji-wei Tian

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

Orthopaedic Surgery
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is a recognized complication following spinal surgery. This review discusses recent advances in understanding and managing ASD, a crucial factor in long-term spinal fusion outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Transforaminal Full-Endoscopic Lumbar Foraminotomy Under Local Anesthesia for L5/S1 Adjacent Segment Foraminal Stenosis

Published on: October 17, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Degenerative diseases

Background:

  • Adjacent segment degeneration/disease (ASD) is a known long-term complication after spinal surgery.
  • While not highly frequent, ASD significantly impacts the evaluation of long-term spinal fusion efficacy.
  • Current understanding of ASD's causes, prevention, and treatment is evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss current research on adjacent segment degeneration (ASD).
  • To describe recent advances in the understanding and management of ASD following spinal fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on adjacent segment degeneration.
  • Discussion of pathogenic factors, prevention strategies, and treatment options for ASD.
  • Synthesis of recent advances in the field.

Main Results:

  • Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is an important consideration for long-term spinal fusion outcomes.
  • Multiple factors contribute to the development of ASD.
  • Ongoing research is advancing prevention and treatment strategies for ASD.

Conclusions:

  • Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is a critical factor in assessing the long-term success of spinal fusion.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathogenesis and optimize management of ASD.
  • Advances in understanding ASD are crucial for improving patient outcomes after spinal surgery.