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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Thyroid dysfunction from antineoplastic agents.

Ole-Petter Riksfjord Hamnvik1, P Reed Larsen, Ellen Marqusee

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ohamnvik@partners.org

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
|October 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Newer cancer treatments like targeted therapies and immunotherapies frequently cause thyroid dysfunction, most commonly hypothyroidism. Routine thyroid monitoring is recommended for cancer patients on these drugs to ensure proper management and quality of life.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents affect all rapidly dividing cells.
  • Newer antineoplastic agents, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, are increasingly used in cancer treatment.
  • These newer agents are associated with significant rates of thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between newer antineoplastic agents and thyroid dysfunction.
  • To highlight the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management implications of drug-induced thyroid dysfunction in cancer patients.
  • To recommend routine thyroid monitoring for patients receiving these therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of antineoplastic agents causing thyroid dysfunction.
  • Analysis of reported side effects, including hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid dysfunction occurs in 20%-50% of patients on targeted therapies and immunotherapies, with hypothyroidism being most common.
  • Symptoms of thyroid dysfunction can be misattributed to cancer or its treatment, leading to underdiagnosis.
  • Thyroid dysfunction can negatively impact patient quality of life and cancer treatment efficacy.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is easily diagnosed and often treatable.

Conclusions:

  • Drug-induced thyroid dysfunction is a common and significant side effect of modern cancer therapies.
  • Underdiagnosis can lead to adverse patient outcomes and suboptimal cancer treatment.
  • Routine thyroid function testing is crucial for early detection and management in patients receiving these antineoplastic agents.