Hermitian splines for modeling biological soft tissue systems that exhibit nonlinear force-elongation curves

Numerical simulation of soft tissue mechanical properties is a critical step in developing valuable biomechanical models of live organisms. A cubic Hermitian spline optimization routine is proposed in this paper to model nonlinear experimental force-elongation curves of soft tissues, in particular when modeled as lumped elements. Boundary conditions are introduced to account for the positive definiteness and the particular curvature of the experimental curve to be fitted. The constrained least-square routine minimizes user intervention and optimizes fitting of the experimental data across the whole fitting range. The routine provides coefficients of a Hermitian spline or corresponding knots that are compatible with a number of constraints that are suitable for modeling soft tissue tensile curves. These coefficients or knots may become inputs to user-defined component properties of various modeling software. Splines are particularly advantageous over the well-known exponential model to account for the traction curve flatness at low elongations and to allow for more flexibility in the fitting process. This is desirable as soft tissue models begin to include more complex physical phenomena.