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Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations01:15

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

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EUCAST technical note on Amphotericin B.

C Lass-Flörl1, M C Arendrup, J-L Rodriguez-Tudela

  • 1Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. cornelia.lass-floerl@i-med.ac.at

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|October 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) established new amphotericin B breakpoints for Candida species. These guidelines help determine antifungal susceptibility for common Candida infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Clinical Mycology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Antifungal susceptibility testing is crucial for guiding therapy against Candida infections.
  • The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing-Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST) provides standardized breakpoints.
  • Amphotericin B remains a key antifungal agent, necessitating updated susceptibility data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and disseminate EUCAST-AFST breakpoints for amphotericin B against key Candida species.
  • To provide a basis for clinical interpretation of antifungal susceptibility testing results for amphotericin B.
  • To inform clinicians and laboratorians on the appropriate use of amphotericin B for candidiasis.

Main Methods:

  • Development of species-specific breakpoints based on the EUCAST amphotericin B rationale document.
  • Utilized pharmacokinetic data, epidemiological cut-off values, and clinical experience.
  • Defined susceptibility (S) as MIC ≤1 mg/L and resistance (R) as MIC > 1 mg/L for specific Candida species.

Main Results:

  • Species-specific breakpoints for amphotericin B were determined for Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis.
  • The established breakpoints are: Susceptible (S): MIC ≤1 mg/L; Resistant (R): MIC > 1 mg/L.
  • Insufficient data precluded setting breakpoints for other Candida species.

Conclusions:

  • The newly determined EUCAST-AFST breakpoints provide essential guidance for managing Candida infections treated with amphotericin B.
  • Regular review of these breakpoints will ensure continued relevance in the face of evolving antifungal resistance.
  • These breakpoints facilitate standardized interpretation of antifungal susceptibility testing, improving patient care.