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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant01:09

EDTA: Conditional Formation Constant

Each EDTA molecule has six binding sites: four carboxyl groups and two amino groups. The fully protonated form of EDTA is represented as H6Y2+. However, it can exist in different forms, H5Y+, H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, and HY3−, depending on the pH of the solution. In very basic solutions with pH > 10.17, the fully deprotonated form, Y4−, is the predominant species that readily complexes with metal ions in a 1:1 ratio.
For the equilibrium reaction of the metal with the Y4− form of EDTA, the formation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention
05:21

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

Published on: August 30, 2018

Cadmium(II) N-acetylcysteine complex formation in aqueous solution.

Farideh Jalilehvand1, Zahra Amini, Karnjit Parmar

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4. faridehj@ucalgary.ca

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|October 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals cadmium (Cd(II)) forms a tetrathiolate complex with N-acetylcysteine (H(2)NAC) at pH 11. At pH 7.5, higher N-acetylcysteine concentrations are needed for this Cd(II)-N-acetylcysteine complex formation.

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Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
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Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

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The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention
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Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
06:31

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd(II)) is a toxic heavy metal.
  • N-acetylcysteine (H(2)NAC) is a crucial biomolecule with chelating properties.
  • Understanding Cd(II)-ligand interactions is vital for environmental and health studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex formation between Cd(II) ions and N-acetylcysteine (H(2)NAC) in aqueous solutions.
  • To determine the structural characteristics of the formed complexes under varying pH conditions.
  • To investigate the coordination environment of Cd(II) in these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Cd K- and L(3)-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
  • (113)Cd Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Systematic variation of Cd(II) and N-acetylcysteine concentrations at different pH values (7.5 and 11.0).

Main Results:

  • At pH 11, a mononuclear [Cd(NAC)(4)](6-) complex dominates, featuring Cd-S bonds (2.53(2) Å) and a characteristic (113)Cd NMR shift (677 ppm).
  • At pH 7.5, higher N-acetylcysteine concentrations are required to form the tetrathiolate complex.
  • (113)Cd NMR revealed signals attributed to CdS(3)O(3), CdS(3)O, and CdS(4) coordination sites in oligomeric species at pH 7.5.

Conclusions:

  • The pH-dependent complexation of Cd(II) with N-acetylcysteine influences the dominant species formed.
  • Tetrathiolate coordination is favored at higher pH, while mixed sulfur-oxygen coordination occurs in oligomeric structures at lower pH.
  • These findings contribute to understanding heavy metal detoxification mechanisms and speciation in biological systems.