Septic peritonitis: etiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Small Animal Internal Medicine
• Surgical Pathology

Background:

• Septic peritonitis is a severe inflammatory condition of the peritoneum.
• It arises secondary to microbial contamination, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
• The condition is often associated with secondary multiorgan dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the etiology and pathophysiology of septic peritonitis in small animals.
• To discuss the diagnostic approaches for septic peritonitis in small animals.
• To provide a foundation for understanding treatment and prognosis in a companion article.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on septic peritonitis in small animals.
• Synthesis of information regarding the causes and mechanisms of the disease.
• Analysis of diagnostic methods reported in veterinary literature.

Main Results:

• Etiology includes bacterial translocation, foreign body penetration, and surgical complications.
• Pathophysiology involves a complex inflammatory cascade affecting the peritoneum and systemic organs.
• Diagnostic findings can include abdominal pain, fluid accumulation, and leukocytosis, though variable.

Conclusions:

• Septic peritonitis is a critical condition in small animals requiring prompt recognition.
• Understanding the underlying causes and pathophysiology is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
• Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management and improved outcomes.