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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents

Published on: July 9, 2020

Ayurvedic medicine and anaesthesia.

Sameer L Pradhan¹, Priya S Pradhan

¹Department of Anaesthesiology, Dr. L. H. Hiranandani Hospital, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Indian Journal of Anaesthesia

|October 21, 2011

Summary

Increased herbal medicine use requires careful consideration before surgery. While generally safe, some herbs pose risks, necessitating further research for specific perioperative guidelines.

Keywords:

Amla curcumin garlic giloe ginger ginseng guggul therapeutic claims tulsi

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents

Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents

Published on: July 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Integrative Medicine
Anesthesiology
Pharmacology

Background:

Herbal medicine consumption has surged significantly in recent years.
While many herbal products are considered safe, potential adverse events exist, particularly with high doses.
The American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) advises discontinuing herbal products 2-3 weeks before anesthesia and surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the current recommendations regarding perioperative herbal medicine use.
To highlight the potential conflict between ASA guidelines and emerging evidence on beneficial Ayurvedic preparations.
To identify areas for future research in perioperative herbal medicine management.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on herbal medicine use and perioperative care.
Analysis of the American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) recommendations.
Examination of studies on Ayurvedic preparations in the perioperative period.

Main Results:

The widespread increase in herbal medicine use presents challenges for preoperative patient management.
ASA's conservative approach may not align with potential benefits of certain herbal therapies, like some Ayurvedic preparations.
Current preoperative evaluation timelines often make adherence to ASA's 2-3 week discontinuation guideline difficult.

Conclusions:

The conservative stance on perioperative herbal medicine cessation by the American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) may not always be optimal for patient outcomes.
Further scientific investigation is crucial to develop nuanced, evidence-based recommendations for perioperative herbal medicine use.
Targeted research is needed to differentiate between potentially harmful and beneficial herbal products in the surgical context.