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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Basal-bolus insulin protocols enter the computer age.

Nancy J Wei1, Deborah J Wexler

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. ncwei@partners.org

Current Diabetes Reports
|October 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poor inpatient glycemic control increases risks for hospitalized patients. Computerized insulin protocols can improve blood sugar management and patient outcomes in non-critical care settings.

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Health Informatics

Background:

  • Diabetes impacts roughly 25% of hospitalized individuals, with poor glycemic control linked to adverse events like infections, extended stays, and mortality.
  • Physiologic basal-bolus insulin regimens are recommended for inpatient glycemic management in non-critically ill patients.
  • The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act promotes computerized medication order entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the background of inpatient glycemic management in the context of computerized order entry.
  • To examine the translation and efficacy of computerizing glycemic control protocols.
  • To identify barriers to implementing computerized glycemic protocols in non-critical care settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on inpatient glycemic management.
  • Analysis of studies on the implementation and effectiveness of computerized glycemic control.
  • Discussion of challenges associated with computerizing these protocols.

Main Results:

  • Computerized order entry systems are becoming widespread due to the HITECH Act.
  • Computerizing glycemic control protocols shows potential for improving inpatient glycemic management.
  • Several barriers exist in the successful implementation of these computerized protocols.

Conclusions:

  • Effective inpatient glycemic management is crucial for reducing adverse events in diabetic patients.
  • Computerized glycemic control protocols offer a promising avenue for improving patient care.
  • Addressing implementation barriers is key to realizing the full benefits of these technologies.