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Related Concept Videos

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

TWEAK/Fn14 pathway: an immunological switch for shaping tissue responses.

Linda C Burkly1, Jennifer S Michaelson, Timothy S Zheng

  • 1Immunology Discovery Research, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. linda.burkly@biogenidec.com

Immunological Reviews
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway regulates tissue repair and disease. Transient activation aids healing, but sustained signaling drives pathological tissue damage and degeneration.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • The immune system's role extends beyond pathogen defense to mediating tissue responses in health and disease.
  • Non-hematopoietic cells like epithelial and endothelial cells actively participate in tissue regulation.
  • The molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated tissue responses are increasingly being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the activation and function of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in tissue responses.
  • To explore the dual role of TWEAK/Fn14 signaling in physiological and pathological conditions.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating TWEAK/Fn14 activation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence for TWEAK/Fn14 signaling in various cell types.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding the pathway's role in injury, disease, and regeneration.

Main Results:

  • The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is typically dormant but activates during injury and disease.
  • TWEAK-mediated Fn14 signaling influences parenchymal, stromal, and progenitor cells.
  • Evidence supports a dichotomy: transient TWEAK/Fn14 activation promotes healing, while persistent activation causes damage.

Conclusions:

  • The TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is a critical regulator of tissue responses.
  • Transient TWEAK/Fn14 activation is beneficial for tissue repair.
  • Dysregulated TWEAK/Fn14 signaling contributes to pathological tissue conditions, presenting therapeutic targets.