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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Multinodular thyroid goitre causing obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

T Gutierrez1, A C Leong, L Pang

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large thyroid goitres can cause obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome by compressing the airway. Surgical removal of the goitre (total thyroidectomy) effectively resolves obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Endocrinology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is commonly associated with obesity, nasal obstruction, and adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
  • Large thyroid goitres are rarely implicated as a cause of OSAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential association between multinodular retrolaryngo-pharyngeal or retrosternal goitres and OSAS.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of surgical intervention for OSAS caused by thyroid goitres.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series conducted at a tertiary referral center from 2000 to 2010.
  • Data collected included body mass index, Epworth sleep score, and polysomnographic index.
  • Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess goitre size and airway compression.

Main Results:

  • Five patients with OSAS were identified and managed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
  • CT scans revealed retrolaryngo-pharyngeal or retrosternal goitres causing significant tracheal compression, displacement, and laryngeal oedema.
  • All five patients experienced complete resolution of OSAS following total thyroidectomy.

Conclusions:

  • Large, multinodular goitres extending retrolaryngo-pharyngeally can induce OSAS through laryngeal compression and oedema.
  • Total thyroidectomy is an effective treatment for OSAS caused by such goitres.
  • Screening for thyroid goitre is recommended in patients diagnosed with OSAS.