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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Real-time fMRI and its application to neurofeedback.

Nikolaus Weiskopf1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. n.weiskopf@ucl.ac.uk

Neuroimage
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) enables immediate brain data analysis for quality control and brain-computer interfaces. This review explores rtfMRI neurofeedback applications, demonstrating self-regulation of brain activity and influencing behavior.

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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
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Published on: January 20, 2012

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
07:05

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) provides immediate access to fMRI data during acquisition, enabling rapid analysis and applications like quality assurance and functional localization.
  • rtfMRI has evolved significantly since fMRI's inception, offering a powerful tool for brain research.
  • It serves as a high-resolution, whole-brain alternative to EEG-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).

Observation:

  • This review focuses on rtfMRI BCIs for neurofeedback, specifically the online feedback of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response.
  • Early work at the University of Tübingen and subsequent advancements highlight the development and current state of rtfMRI neurofeedback.
  • rtfMRI neurofeedback has successfully trained self-regulation of local BOLD responses across various brain regions.

Findings:

  • rtfMRI neurofeedback has demonstrated the ability to modulate behavior, including pain perception, reaction time, and emotional and linguistic processing.
  • Studies have shown these effects in both healthy individuals and patient populations.
  • Initial results in patients with pain, tinnitus, depression, and schizophrenia are promising.

Implications:

  • rtfMRI neurofeedback offers a novel paradigm for investigating brain-behavior-physiology relationships, treating the physiological response as the independent variable.
  • This approach contrasts with conventional neuroimaging where behavior is typically the independent variable.
  • Further controlled clinical studies are warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of rtfMRI neurofeedback in various patient populations.