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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

Inflow effects on functional MRI.

Jia-Hong Gao¹, Ho-Ling Liu

¹Brain Research Imaging Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA. jgao@radiology.bsd.uchicago.edu

|October 25, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Blood inflow significantly impacts functional MRI signals, especially in gradient-echo sequences. Understanding these inflow effects is crucial for accurate BOLD signal interpretation in neuroimaging research.

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Biophysics

Background:

Blood inflow from upstream vasculature influences blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Neuronal activation increases regional blood flow velocity, enhancing fMRI signals near macrovasculatures.
Inflow effects are modulated by radiofrequency pulse history, slice geometry, flow velocity, blood relaxation times, and imaging parameters.

Observation:

Inflow effects are more pronounced with greater T(1) weighting, achieved through short repetition times and large flip angles.
This review examines inflow effects across conventional gradient-recalled echo (GRE), fast spin-echo (FSE), and echo-planar imaging (EPI) techniques.
Methods for differentiating inflow effects from BOLD signals are discussed, alongside interactions between imaging parameters and physiological factors.

Findings:

Theoretical derivations and human experiments indicate significant inflow contributions in conventional GRE acquisitions.
Inflow effects are generally negligible in fast spin-echo (FSE) acquisitions.
In gradient-echo EPI, blood inflow can alter both the amplitude and temporal characteristics of the fMRI signal, contingent on specific imaging parameters and settings.

Implications:

Accurate interpretation of fMRI data requires accounting for inflow effects, particularly in GRE and EPI sequences.
Understanding these effects can lead to improved fMRI methodologies for studying brain function.
Distinguishing inflow from true BOLD signals is essential for reliable neurovascular coupling studies.