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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

miR-34 miRNAs provide a barrier for somatic cell reprogramming.

Yong Jin Choi1, Chao-Po Lin, Jaclyn J Ho

  • 1Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94705, USA.

Nature Cell Biology
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c are key p53 targets that restrain somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Their deficiency enhances iPSC generation without compromising pluripotency.

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Somatic reprogramming efficiency is low and enhanced by p53 deficiency.
  • p53 targets, like p21, repress induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation.
  • Additional p53 targets may regulate this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of miR-34 microRNAs (miRNAs) in somatic reprogramming.
  • Determine if miR-34 miRNAs are p53 targets that regulate iPSC generation.
  • Assess the impact of miR-34 deficiency on iPSC pluripotency and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Studied p53-dependent induction of miR-34 miRNAs during reprogramming.
  • Utilized miR-34a deficient mice to assess reprogramming efficiency and kinetics.
  • Analyzed the effect of miR-34a on pluripotency genes (Nanog, Sox2, Mycn) and iPSC differentiation.

Main Results:

  • miR-34 miRNAs, particularly miR-34a, are induced dependently on p53 during reprogramming.
  • miR-34a deficiency significantly enhanced reprogramming efficiency and kinetics.
  • miR-34a and p21 cooperatively regulate reprogramming downstream of p53.
  • Genetic ablation of miR-34a promoted iPSC generation without compromising pluripotency or differentiation.
  • miR-34a represses pluripotency genes, including Nanog, Sox2, and Mycn.
  • All three miR-34 miRNAs act cooperatively to restrain reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • miR-34 miRNAs are essential p53 targets that restrain somatic reprogramming.
  • Targeting miR-34 offers a method to enhance iPSC generation without sacrificing pluripotency.
  • This study identifies a novel regulatory pathway involving p53, miR-34, and pluripotency factors in reprogramming.