Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 28, 2026
A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
Published on: September 21, 2017
Optimal designs for prediction studies of whiplash
Steven J Kamper1, Mark J Hancock, Christopher G Maher
1The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. skamper@george.org.au
Study Design:
Commentary.
Objective:
To provide guidance for the design and interpretation of predictive studies of whiplash associated disorders (WAD).
Summary Of Background Data:
Numerous studies have sought to define and explain the clinical course and response to treatment of people with WAD. Design of these studies is often suboptimal, which can lead to biased findings and issues with interpreting the results.
Methods:
Literature review and commentary.
Results:
Predictive studies can be grouped into four broad categories; studies of symptomatic course, studies that aim to identify factors that predict outcome, studies that aim to isolate variables that are causally responsible for outcome, and studies that aim to identify patients who respond best to particular treatments. Although the specific research question will determine the optimal methods, there are a number of generic features that should be incorporated into design of such studies. The aim of these features is to minimize bias, generate adequately precise prognostic estimates, and ensure generalizability of the findings.
Conclusion:
This paper provides a summary of important considerations in the design, conduct, and reporting of prediction studies in the field of whiplash.
