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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit
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Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Published on: September 2, 2025

A re-look at pollicization.

Bhaskaranand Kumar1, Ashwath Acharya, Anil K Bhat

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India
|October 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pollicization surgery reconstructs a thumb by transferring a finger. This intricate procedure has evolved over 100 years, significantly improving hand function and aesthetics.

Keywords:
Amputationdigital transpositionhypoplastic thumbindex fingerpollicizationtoe transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Hand Surgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Pollicization is a complex surgical procedure to create a functional thumb when it is congenitally absent.
  • The technique has evolved significantly over the past century, moving from simple digit transposition to a sophisticated reconstructive method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of pollicization.
  • To outline the indications, critical surgical steps, and refinements of the procedure.
  • To discuss long-term outcomes and potential complications of pollicization surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical surgical techniques for pollicization.
  • Analysis of current advancements in skin flaps, osteotomy, and muscle balancing.
  • Evaluation of long-term results and complication data from existing literature.

Main Results:

  • Pollicization has evolved from unaesthetic digit transposition to a complex procedure.
  • Modern techniques focus on optimizing aesthetics and function through precise surgical maneuvers.
  • The procedure consistently demonstrates long-term effectiveness in improving hand function.

Conclusions:

  • Pollicization remains a highly valuable and time-tested surgical intervention for absent thumbs.
  • Continued refinements enhance both the functional and aesthetic outcomes of the procedure.
  • Careful planning and execution are crucial for successful pollicization with minimal complications.