Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

In pharmacokinetics, the elimination rate of a drug following a capacity-limited model is primarily controlled by two parameters: Vmax and KM. These parameters are crucial in how the drug behaves inside the body after administration.
Following the administration of a single intravenous (IV) bolus injection, we can determine the concentration of the drug in the plasma at any given time. This calculation is achieved using a specific equation that integrates the values of Vmax and KM.
We can also...

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption

During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations

The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
The drug's presence in the body is defined by an equation representing the difference between the rates of drug entry and exit. Key parameters—elimination rate constant, half-life,...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

How to perform pharmacokinetic research of antimicrobial drugs in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy: a scoping review of all relevant pharmacokinetic factors.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2025

Same author

Using Residual Blood from the Arterial Blood Gas Test to Perform Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin: An Example of Good Clinical Practice Moving towards a Sustainable Intensive Care Unit.

Critical care research and practice·2023

Same author

Evaluation of medication-related problems in liver transplant recipients with and without an outpatient medication consultation by a clinical pharmacist: a cohort study.

International journal of clinical pharmacy·2022

Same author

Clinically relevant potential drug-drug interactions in intensive care patients: A large retrospective observational multicenter study.

Journal of critical care·2020

Same author

Voluntarily reported prescribing, monitoring and medication transfer errors in intensive care units in The Netherlands.

International journal of clinical pharmacy·2020

Same author

The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: the DOLPHIN trial protocol of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial.

BMC infectious diseases·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Published on: March 11, 2017

Avoiding crystallization of lorazepam during infusion.

J Vellema¹, N G M Hunfeld, H E A Van den Akker

¹Dept. of Multi-Scale Physics, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

|October 26, 2011

Summary

To prevent lorazepam crystallization during infusion, avoid high glucose concentrations. Stable lorazepam solutions can be achieved by adjusting lorazepam concentration, using elevated temperatures, or minimizing glucose solution volume.

More Related Videos

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Published on: September 20, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Published on: March 11, 2017

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

Published on: September 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Science
Clinical Pharmacy
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Lorazepam is a critical sedative for intensive care patients, typically administered via infusion.
Crystallization of lorazepam during infusion leads to line obstruction and decreased drug efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the solubility of lorazepam in mixtures of commercial lorazepam solutions and aqueous glucose solutions.
To develop strategies for preventing lorazepam crystallization during infusion.

Main Methods:

Solubility measurements were performed to construct a solid-liquid phase diagram for lorazepam.
The phase diagram analyzed lorazepam in varying ratios of commercial lorazepam solution and aqueous glucose solution.

Main Results:

The study confirmed that glucose solutions act as an anti-solvent, significantly reducing lorazepam solubility.
A phase diagram illustrated the solubility limits of lorazepam in glucose mixtures.

Conclusions:

Three methods were proposed to ensure stable lorazepam solutions: higher initial lorazepam concentration, elevated temperature, and reduced lorazepam concentration in the commercial solution.
These strategies aim to prevent crystallization and maintain therapeutic lorazepam concentrations during infusion.