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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
10:54

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

Published on: February 23, 2016

Dynamic nuclear hyperpolarization in liquids.

Ulrich L Günther1

  • 1HWB-NMR, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK, u.l.gunther@bham.ac.uk.

Topics in Current Chemistry
|October 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity, overcoming limitations in structural analysis. This review explores DNP concepts and applications for broader NMR use.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is vital for analyzing molecules and biomolecules.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on NMR principles, is widely used in medical diagnostics.
  • NMR's primary limitation is its inherent low sensitivity, restricting its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concepts behind dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP).
  • To highlight recent developments and potential applications of DNP.
  • To explore how DNP can overcome NMR sensitivity limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) techniques.
  • Analysis of experimental protocols and their application scope.

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The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
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  • Summary of recent advancements in DNP technology.

    • Main Results:

    • DNP significantly enhances NMR sensitivity by several orders of magnitude.
    • Current DNP implementations have limitations in broad applicability due to experimental conditions.
    • Recent developments offer solutions for specific NMR applications.

    Conclusions:

    • DNP holds significant promise for expanding NMR applications by improving sensitivity.
    • Tailored DNP protocols are emerging for specific scientific and medical uses.
    • Further research in DNP is crucial for realizing its full potential in NMR spectroscopy.