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Knudsen gas provides nanobubble stability.

James R T Seddon¹, Harold J W Zandvliet, Detlef Lohse

¹Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. j.r.t.seddon@utwente.nl

Physical Review Letters

|October 27, 2011

Summary

Surface nanobubbles are surprisingly stable due to their Knudsen gas type, which creates a liquid flow preventing dissolution. This model predicts a water jet above nanobubbles, matching experimental data.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Surface Science
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Surface nanobubbles are intriguing phenomena with unexplained stability.
Understanding their persistence against dissolution is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a theoretical model explaining the stability of surface nanobubbles.
To investigate the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for nanobubble longevity.

Main Methods:

A theoretical model was developed based on the Knudsen gas behavior within nanobubbles.
The model incorporates the generation of a bulk liquid flow driven by the nanobubble.
Experimental validation was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Main Results:

The model successfully explains the stability of surface nanobubbles against bulk dissolution.
A vertical water jet above nanobubbles was predicted with a speed of ~3.3 m/s.
Experimental AFM measurements confirmed a jet speed of ~2.7 m/s.
The model predicts an upper size limit for nanobubbles, consistent with experimental observations.

Conclusions:

The Knudsen nature of gas in nanobubbles is key to their stability.
The induced bulk liquid flow effectively localizes the gas, preventing dissolution.
The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of surface nanobubble behavior and stability.