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Related Concept Videos

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Biasing of FET01:22

Biasing of FET

Biasing a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is crucial for setting operational parameters and ensuring efficient functioning in electronic circuits. JFETs are characterized by using a single carrier type in N-channel or P-channel configurations, where the channel is surrounded by PN junctions. These junctions are central to the device's ability to control current flow.
In an N-channel JFET, the structure consists of N-type material forming the channel on a P-type substrate, with the gate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'
10:31

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'

Published on: February 10, 2017

Finite-bias Cooper pair splitting.

L Hofstetter1, S Csonka, A Baumgartner

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|October 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrate electrical control over nonlocal transport in a Cooper pair splitter, a key step for developing entangled electron sources. This research explores Cooper pair splitting (CPS) and elastic cotunneling in quantum dots.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'
10:31

A Visual Guide to Sorting Electrophysiological Recordings Using 'SpikeSorter'

Published on: February 10, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Superconductors coupled to quantum dots (QDs) enable the study of nonclassical current correlations.
  • Cooper pair splitting (CPS) is a phenomenon where a Cooper pair splits into two electrons with opposite spins.
  • Understanding CPS is crucial for developing solid-state sources of entangled electrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the nonlocal electrical transport in a Cooper pair splitter.
  • To demonstrate the electrical tunability of quantum dot levels and their effect on Cooper pair splitting.
  • To explore the role of the energy dependence of the effective density of states in QDs on CPS and elastic cotunneling.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a Cooper pair splitter on an InAs nanowire with two parallel quantum dots.
  • Applying a finite potential difference across one quantum dot while the other remains grounded.
  • Measuring the nonlocal electrical transport and conductance through the device.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated nonlocal electrical transport can be tuned by electrical means.
  • Showed the relevance of the energy dependence of the effective density of states in QDs for Cooper pair splitting and elastic cotunneling rates.
  • Established experimental tools for understanding and developing CPS-based entangled electron sources.

Conclusions:

  • Electrical tunability of quantum dot levels offers a method to control Cooper pair splitting.
  • The energy dependence of the QD density of states significantly impacts CPS and elastic cotunneling.
  • This work provides essential experimental insights for advancing solid-state entangled electron sources.