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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...

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Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
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Pioglitazone: Indian perspective.

Rishi Shukla1, Sanjay Kalra

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Regency Hospital, Kanpur, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pioglitazone improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes by reducing insulin resistance. It also offers benefits for lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health, supporting its continued use.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerIndiacardiovascular benefitspioglitazone

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Pioglitazone, approved in 1999, is a thiazolidinedione medication used to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Its primary mechanism involves reducing insulin resistance.
  • Beyond glucose regulation, pioglitazone demonstrates beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, blood pressure, endothelial function, and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted benefits of pioglitazone beyond glycemic control.
  • To discuss its established safety profile within the thiazolidinedione class.
  • To address recent concerns regarding cancer incidence associated with pioglitazone use.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical data and pharmacological studies on pioglitazone.
  • Analysis of its impact on glucose and lipid metabolism.
  • Evaluation of its effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers.

Main Results:

  • Pioglitazone effectively improves glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity.
  • Significant improvements observed in lipid profiles, blood pressure, and endothelial function.
  • Positive modulation of adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels noted.

Conclusions:

  • Pioglitazone offers therapeutic advantages extending beyond glucose lowering, impacting lipid and cardiovascular health.
  • It is generally considered a safer thiazolidinedione option for appropriate patients.
  • Despite ongoing regulatory review of cancer incidence data, judicious use is supported for patients who can benefit.