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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

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Retinal oximeter for the blue-green oximetry technique.

Kurt R Denninghoff¹, Katarzyna B Sieluzycka, Jennifer K Hendryx

¹University of Arizona, Department of Emergency Medicine and College of Optical Sciences, 1609 North Warren Avenue, Room 116, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5057, USA. kdenninghoff@aemrc.arizona.edu

Journal of Biomedical Optics

|October 28, 2011

Summary

This study introduces a novel retinal oximetry technique, blue-green oximetry (BGO), achieving accurate, noninvasive measurement of blood oxygen saturation. The developed device demonstrates clinical utility by meeting the critical ±3% accuracy requirement for retinal oximetry.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Imaging

Background:

Noninvasive assessment of central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SO(2)) using retinal oximetry is clinically valuable.
Previous retinal oximetry designs lacked the required ±3% saturation calibration accuracy for clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the feasibility of the blue-green oximetry (BGO) technique for accurate, noninvasive retinal oximetry.
To develop and test a noninvasive on-axis scanning retinal oximeter (ROx-3) capable of achieving clinical accuracy.

Main Methods:

Development of a noninvasive on-axis scanning retinal oximeter (ROx-3) utilizing the blue-green oximetry (BGO) technique.
Implementation of a field stop and anticonfocal bisecting wire to isolate multiply backscattered light and remove specular reflections.
Testing the device on enucleated swine eye vessels and a human retinal vein.

Main Results:

The blue-green oximetry (BGO) technique achieved accuracy within ±3% in swine.
Retinal SO(2) measurements in human volunteers were internally consistent with a standard error of the mean of ±2% SO(2).
Absolute saturation measures were within the expected physiological ranges.

Conclusions:

The developed noninvasive on-axis scanning retinal oximeter (ROx-3) successfully implements the blue-green oximetry (BGO) technique.
This study represents the first demonstration of noninvasive on-axis BGO retinal oximetry.
The achieved accuracy meets the clinical requirement for assessing retinal oxyhemoglobin saturation.