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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometers01:16

Mass Spectrometers

This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:33

Peptide Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
This technique helps gather information regarding the protein from which the peptide was obtained and to study the peptides’ amino acid sequence. Identifying peptides from a complex mixture is an important component of the growing field of...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry01:19

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization technique that can identify and separate a wide variety of compounds ranging from chemical to biological entities, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The instruments that allow this detection, known as mass spectrometers, have three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. These spectrometers differ based on the nature of their ion source and analyzers.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a commonly...

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Analyzing Large Protein Complexes by Structural Mass Spectrometry
15:35

Analyzing Large Protein Complexes by Structural Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 19, 2010

Mass spectrometry with accelerators.

A E Litherland1, X-L Zhao, W E Kieser

  • 1Physics Department, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A7. ted.litherland@utoronto.ca

Mass Spectrometry Reviews
|October 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) advances Canadian research by enabling precise measurement of rare isotopes like carbon-14. This technique uses atomic and nuclear physics to extend mass spectrometry capabilities for environmental dating and tracing.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics and Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science and Geochronology

Background:

  • Mass spectrometry capabilities have been significantly enhanced by integrating atomic and nuclear physics techniques.
  • Canadian researchers have played a key role in the development and application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
  • Early principles of AMS were established using cyclotrons, with significant advancements occurring in 1977.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and unique features of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
  • To illustrate AMS methods using key isotopes such as carbon-14 (¹⁴C), beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be), and iodine-129 (¹²⁹I).
  • To discuss the extension of mass spectrometry capabilities through advanced ion selection, acceleration, and detection techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing tandem electrostatic accelerators for the mass spectrometric measurement of rare isotopes.
  • Employing atomic isobar selection and molecular isobar attenuation to improve measurement accuracy.
  • Achieving low background contamination through specialized ion source techniques and ion detection.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the suitability of tandem accelerators for measuring ¹⁴C by exploiting the instability of ¹⁴N⁻ ions.
  • Enabled ¹⁴C measurements to a level of ¹⁴C/C ~ 6 × 10⁻¹⁶, corresponding to a radiocarbon age of 60,000 years.
  • Facilitated accurate radiocarbon dating of milligram-sized carbon samples and dating/tracing with other isotopes like ¹⁰Be and ¹²⁹I.

Conclusions:

  • Tandem Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) has revolutionized the dating and tracing capabilities for environmental and geological samples.
  • Advanced ion selection and attenuation techniques are crucial for overcoming isobar separation challenges, especially for heavy ions.
  • Ongoing research focuses on alternative methods for isobar separation to further enhance AMS applications.