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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain.

Hyo Jung Kang1, Yuka Imamura Kawasawa, Feng Cheng

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.

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This study reveals extensive gene expression in the human brain, with most genes showing significant changes across regions and development, particularly before birth. These findings offer crucial insights into brain development and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Precise gene expression regulation is vital for brain development and function.
  • Current understanding of the human brain's complex transcriptome remains incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate and analyze exon-level transcriptome and genotyping data from diverse human brain samples.
  • To investigate the complexity, dynamics, and organization of the human brain transcriptome across development and regions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of exon-level transcriptome and genotyping data from post-mortem human brains (developing and adult).
  • Examination of samples from multiple brain regions, neocortical areas, sexes, and ethnicities.
  • Profiling gene expression trajectories and identifying genotype-expression associations.

Main Results:

  • 86% of analyzed genes were expressed, with 90% exhibiting differential regulation at whole-transcript or exon levels.
  • Most spatio-temporal differences occurred prenatally, followed by increased regional transcriptome similarity.
  • Identified distinct co-expression networks, sex-biased gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphism-gene expression associations.

Conclusions:

  • Provides a comprehensive dataset of the human brain transcriptome.
  • Offers insights into the transcriptional regulation underlying human neurodevelopment.
  • Highlights the dynamic nature of the brain transcriptome and its organization.