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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Interactions between spontaneous instantiations to the basic level and post-event suggestions.

Ainat Pansky¹, Einat Tenenboim

¹Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. pansky@research.haifa.ac.il

Memory (Hove, England)

|October 29, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Post-event suggestions can alter memory by influencing spontaneous memory processes. When suggestions align with how people naturally fill in details (instantiation), memory recall for original events is reduced.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Memory Research
Human Memory

Background:

Post-event suggestions are known to distort memory recall.
Spontaneous memory processes, like instantiation, involve creating intermediate-level details from abstract information.
The interaction between suggestion and spontaneous memory instantiation requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine how post-event suggestions interact with spontaneous memory instantiation.
To investigate the effect of congruent suggestions on memory recall.
To understand the role of basic-level instantiation in suggestibility.

Main Methods:

Participants read a narrative with superordinate-level items (e.g., FRUIT).
Participants were exposed to basic-level suggestions (e.g., APPLE) that may coincide with spontaneous instantiations.
Memory recall was assessed, including remember/know judgments, after immediate or delayed exposure to suggestions.

Main Results:

Spontaneous instantiation tendency increased over time, especially when suggestions aligned with potential instantiations.
Exposure to congruent suggestions, whether immediate or delayed, reduced correct recall of original items.
Suggestibility effects were particularly strong and phenomenologically compelling in remember/know judgments.

Conclusions:

Post-event suggestion effects can be explained by constructive memory processes.
The alignment between suggestions and spontaneous instantiation influences memory distortion.
Understanding instantiation is key to understanding suggestibility.