Asthma I: Introduction
Gene-Environment Interactions
Asthma-I: Introduction
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
Published on: August 7, 2017
L Rigoli1, S Briuglia, S Caimmi
1Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Genetics and Immunology, University of Messina, Italy. carmelo.salpietro@unime.it
Early life exposures and genetics significantly impact childhood asthma development. Gene-environment interactions, particularly involving the toll-like receptor-lipopolysaccharide pathway, influence asthma risk and allergic sensitization.
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