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Related Concept Videos

Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Interdisciplinary Care: The Health Care Team-I01:21

Interdisciplinary Care: The Health Care Team-I

An interdisciplinary team includes many healthcare professionals working together and utilizing their skills, knowledge, and expertise to provide holistic and quality patient care.
Physicians
The physician's primary responsibility is to diagnose illness and direct the medical or surgical treatment of the condition. The authority to admit patients to a healthcare agency or institution and practice care within that setting is granted to physicians by the healthcare agency or institution itself.
Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
Interdisciplinary Care: The Health Care Team-II01:18

Interdisciplinary Care: The Health Care Team-II

An interdisciplinary team includes many healthcare professionals working together and utilizing their skills, knowledge, and expertise to provide holistic and quality patient care. Here are a few more healthcare professionals.
Physical Therapist
A physical therapist (PT) aims to restore function or prevent additional impairment in a patient following an injury or disease. Massage, heat, cold, water, sonar waves, exercises, and electrical stimulation are some treatments used by PTs to treat...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation
05:46

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

Cross-border reproductive care: a clinician's perspective.

Robert Forman1

  • 1CRM London, 111 Park Road, London, United Kingdom. RobertForman@crmlondon.co.uk

Reproductive Biomedicine Online
|October 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) facilitates fertility treatments abroad when local options fail. Clinicians must ensure high standards of care and address ethical concerns, especially regarding third-party exploitation.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Medical Ethics
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) is increasingly utilized by individuals unable to conceive in their home countries.
  • Patient journeys often involve complex international travel for fertility treatments, including third-party donation or surrogacy.
  • Clinicians play a pivotal role in CBRC, acting as both providers and facilitators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the ethical responsibilities of clinicians in delivering cross-border reproductive care.
  • To address concerns regarding the exploitation of third parties in fertility treatments, particularly in the global south.
  • To emphasize the growing trend of CBRC and the need for improved standards in reproductive medical care globally.

Main Methods:

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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation
05:46

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures (IRCP): A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation

Published on: January 17, 2019

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

  • The abstract discusses the ethical considerations and practical implications of CBRC.
  • It references critical viewpoints on third-party exploitation and the use of fertility treatments.
  • The text analyzes the increasing market of medical consumerism in reproductive healthcare.

    • Main Results:

    • CBRC is a growing phenomenon driven by unmet reproductive needs and economic factors.
    • Ethical challenges, including the exploitation of third parties, are significant concerns within CBRC.
    • There is a recognized need for clinicians to actively improve reproductive medical care standards worldwide.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinicians have a critical ethical duty to ensure high standards of care in cross-border reproductive care.
    • Addressing exploitation and improving care in developing nations are crucial as CBRC expands.
    • The increasing global market for reproductive treatments necessitates proactive engagement from medical professionals to uphold ethical practices.