Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Relationships between Toenail, Urinary, and Drinking-water Fluoride Concentrations in a Pregnancy Cohort using Private Water Systems in the United States.

Biological trace element research·2026
Same author

Understanding problematic media use in children and youth at risk for attentional difficulties: a comparative study of community, ADHD, and early neurological risk samples.

Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence·2026
Same author

Metacognitive Ratings on Cognitive Tasks: Task Difficulty and Effort Rating Differences in Children With ADHD and Neurotypical Children.

Journal of attention disorders·2026
Same author

Parent Mental Health and Engagement in Parenting Interventions for Child ADHD.

Research on child and adolescent psychopathology·2026
Same author

Top ten priorities identified by healthcare professionals to support the clinical care of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A Canadian Delphi study.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Cardiac and behavioural trends in toddler pain distress responses across early development.

Scientific reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Evidence for a general ADHD factor from a longitudinal general school population study.

Sébastien Normand1, David B Flora, Maggie E Toplak

  • 1Department of Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada.

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
|October 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hierarchical models accurately describe Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children. This structure, including a general ADHD factor and specific inattention/hyperactivity factors, holds true across different reporters and over time.

More Related Videos

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Factor analytic studies suggest hierarchical models better represent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms than correlated models.
  • Hierarchical models incorporate a general ADHD factor alongside specific factors for inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the generalizability of hierarchical ADHD models in a 12-month longitudinal study.
  • To examine informant (parent vs. teacher), sex, and time differences in ADHD symptom structure.
  • To evaluate six potential factor structures for the 18-item Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) scale.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were employed.
  • The study involved 510 elementary school children (250 boys, 260 girls) aged 6-9 years.
  • Data were collected from parent and teacher ratings at two time points, 12 months apart.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchical models with a general ADHD factor and two or three specific factors provided the best fit for symptom data.
  • This structure was consistent for parent and teacher reports, across sexes, and over the 12-month interval.
  • The 18 SWAN items effectively measure a common latent ADHD trait and distinct dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchical models are robust for understanding ADHD symptom structure in school-aged children.
  • The findings support a dimensional view of ADHD, with a general factor and specific symptom clusters.
  • The SWAN scale demonstrates utility in capturing these hierarchical dimensions of ADHD symptoms.