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Anal cancer screening can prevent cancer development in high-risk groups, particularly HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Early detection of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) through adapted cervical cancer screening tools is crucial.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) have a significantly higher incidence of anal cancer and its precursor, high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN).
Other immunocompromised populations also face increased risk for these conditions.
Anal cancer screening programs, though not yet standard care, offer a potential avenue for prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss procedures for anal cancer screening.
To highlight the importance of early detection and treatment of HGAIN to prevent anal cancer.
To inform about the adaptation of cervical cancer screening tools for anal conditions.

Main Methods:

Review of established and adapted screening tools for anal HGAIN.
Discussion of procedures including cytology, digital anal rectal examinations, high-resolution anoscopy, and biopsy.
Consideration of resource availability for implementing screening programs.

Main Results:

Cervical cancer screening tools have been successfully adapted and validated for anal HGAIN screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
Anal cancer screening programs have existed for over a decade, demonstrating feasibility.
Implementation success depends on community resources.

Conclusions:

Anal cancer screening holds promise for preventing cancer in high-risk populations, mirroring successes in cervical cancer prevention.
Integration of screening procedures requires careful consideration of local resources.
Further adoption of anal cancer screening programs is recommended.