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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

The pathophysiology of concussion.

Stefano Signoretti1, Giuseppe Lazzarino, Barbara Tavazzi

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences Head and Neck Surgery, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy.

PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
|November 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Concussion causes brain cell dysfunction through metabolic disturbances. Monitoring N-acetylaspartate levels via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy may track recovery from this brain injury.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
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A Novel and Translational Rat Model of Concussion Combining Force and Rotation with In Vivo Cerebral Microdialysis
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Concussion is a brain injury without visible structural damage, causing memory, attention, and cognitive issues.
  • Symptoms arise from neuronal dysfunction, primarily functional rather than structural abnormalities.
  • A cascade of metabolic events, including mitochondrial dysfunction, underlies post-concussion symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the biochemical basis of concussion symptoms.
  • To investigate the pathophysiology of second impact syndrome.
  • To explore N-acetylaspartate as a marker for concussion-related metabolic brain damage and recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on concussion pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of metabolic cascades initiated by mechanical brain injury.
  • Exploration of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detecting N-acetylaspartate.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered energy metabolism are key to post-concussion symptoms.
  • Concussed neurons enter a vulnerable state, increasing risk of severe damage from subsequent injury (second impact syndrome).
  • N-acetylaspartate shows potential as a marker for neuronal metabolic damage and recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Concussion pathophysiology involves complex metabolic disruptions and neuronal vulnerability.
  • N-acetylaspartate is a promising biomarker for assessing concussion's functional impact and monitoring recovery.
  • Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a non-invasive method for tracking these biochemical changes.