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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
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Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Epigenetic reprogramming during plant reproduction and seed development.

Heike Wollmann1, Frédéric Berger

  • 1Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore. Heike@tll.org.sg

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|November 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

DNA methylation is vital for plant reproduction and genome stability. This epigenetic process ensures transposable elements are silenced across generations while allowing specific gene expression in developing seeds.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression and genome stability in plants.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) pose a threat to genome integrity and are typically silenced by DNA methylation.
  • Reproductive processes involve complex epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the dynamic changes in DNA methylation during plant reproduction and seed development.
  • To highlight the role of DNA methylation in transposable element silencing across generations.
  • To explain how parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation removal influences gene imprinting.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in genome-wide DNA methylation profiling techniques.
  • Analysis of studies investigating epigenetic inheritance during plant reproduction.
  • Synthesis of research on imprinted gene expression in developing seeds.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation patterns are partially transmitted or enhanced during reproduction, ensuring stable TE silencing.
  • Parent-of-origin specific demethylation occurs in accompanying tissues, enabling imprinted gene expression.
  • These epigenetic dynamics are crucial for successful seed development and genome maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation dynamics are a central epigenetic regulatory pathway governing plant reproduction and seed development.
  • Stable TE silencing and imprinted gene expression are maintained through precise control of DNA methylation during reproduction.
  • Understanding these processes is essential for plant breeding and developmental biology.