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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
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Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays

Published on: January 7, 2016

Growth hormone deficiency: optimizing therapy and new issues.

Raphaël Rappaport1

  • 1René Descartes University, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France. rappaport@necker.fr

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|November 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) diagnosis and treatment, especially milder forms, remain challenging. Further research is needed to optimize recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy for better patient outcomes and safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Growth Hormone Therapy
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) with low IGF1 necessitates replacement therapy.
  • Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic milder GHD forms present significant challenges.
  • Controversies persist regarding diagnosis, growth response assessment, and final height benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on evaluating growth hormone (GH) secretion and growth response in children with GHD.
  • To discuss the challenges in diagnosing milder GHD forms and assessing therapeutic benefits.
  • To propose guidelines for the indication and progression of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and post-marketing safety data on GH secretion evaluation.
  • Analysis of growth response assessment and final height outcomes in GHD patients.
  • Discussion of cost-benefit considerations and individualized treatment adjustments.

Main Results:

  • GH secretion evaluation remains largely arbitrary, especially for milder GHD forms.
  • Individualized growth response monitoring is crucial for adjusting rhGH dosage.
  • Long-term safety data for non-conventional high rhGH doses are lacking.

Conclusions:

  • More research is required to refine GHD diagnosis and treatment strategies.
  • Early treatment response may predict long-term benefits of rhGH therapy.
  • Long-term independent studies are essential to confirm the safety and efficacy of rhGH.