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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
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A 2,2',6,6'-tetraphosphinobiphenyl.

Holm Petzold1, Albara I S Alrawashdeh

  • 1Inst. für Chemie, Strasse der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany. holm.petzold@chemie.tu-chemnitz.de

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|November 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized a novel tetraphosphinobiphenyl ligand for dinuclear palladium(II) complexes. This unique structure enables allosteric communication between palladium centers, opening new avenues in coordination chemistry.

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Ligand Design

Background:

  • Biphenyl scaffolds are versatile platforms in coordination chemistry.
  • Dinuclear metal complexes offer unique reactivity due to metal-metal proximity.
  • Allosteric communication in metal complexes remains an area of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first 2,2',6,6'-tetraphosphinobiphenyl ligand.
  • To explore its application in forming dinuclear palladium(II) complexes.
  • To investigate the communication pathways between metal centers in the resulting complex.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of 2,2',6,6'-tetraphosphinobiphenyl.
  • Preparation and characterization of the dinuclear palladium(II) complex using techniques like NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

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  • Investigation of electronic and structural properties to understand communication.
  • Main Results:

    • Successful synthesis of the novel tetraphosphinobiphenyl ligand.
    • Formation of a dinuclear palladium(II) complex featuring the ligand.
    • Evidence of close proximity between palladium centers, facilitating a coupling pathway.
    • Demonstration of allosteric communication between the two palladium complex fragments.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel tetraphosphinobiphenyl ligand is effective in constructing dinuclear palladium complexes.
    • The proximity of metal centers in these complexes enables unique allosteric communication.
    • This work provides a new platform for studying cooperative effects in dinuclear metal systems.