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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less likely to...
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
Pedigree Analysis01:35

Pedigree Analysis

Overview
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
09:09

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Published on: August 8, 2017

Inbreeding depression in red deer calves.

Craig A Walling1, Daniel H Nussey, Alison Morris

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. craig.walling@ed.ac.uk

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|November 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Inbreeding significantly impacts red deer fitness, reducing birth weight and first-year survival. These effects, crucial for conservation biology, were observed using pedigree data in a wild population.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
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09:26

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Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi
06:44

Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi

Published on: October 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Inbreeding's fitness consequences are vital for evolutionary and conservation biology.
  • Few studies use pedigree data to assess inbreeding depression in natural populations.
  • Environmental and age variations' influence on inbreeding depression remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate inbreeding's impact on juvenile red deer traits (birth date, weight, survival).
  • Analyze consequences of both calf and mother's inbreeding coefficients.
  • Determine if inbreeding depression varies with environmental conditions and maternal age.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients for a wild red deer population.
  • Examined three juvenile traits: birth date, birth weight, and first-year survival.
  • Assessed the influence of environmental variation and maternal age on inbreeding depression.

Main Results:

  • Detected non-zero inbreeding coefficients in 22% of individuals.
  • Inbreeding depression affected birth weight and first-year survival, but not birth date.
  • First-year survival decreased by 77% for offspring with an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated inbreeding depression using pedigree data in a wild mammal.
  • Highlighted the significant fitness costs associated with inbreeding in red deer.
  • Emphasized the importance of considering inbreeding in conservation efforts.